The Mythical Roots of Sumo
The origins of sumo can be traced back to ancient Japanese mythology. The Nihon Shoki, an early chronicle of Japanese history, describes wrestling matches between gods. For example, it recounts the legendary battle between Takemikazuchi (the god of thunder) and Takeminakata (a deity associated with water and wind) in the land of Izumo. Similarly, the Kojiki, another ancient text, portrays a test of strength between Nomi-no-Sukune and Taima-no-Kehaya.
Sumo in Ancient Times
Historical records mention sumo as early as the 7th century. The Nihon Shoki documents a sumo tournament held at the imperial court in 642 AD. During the Nara period (710-784), a ritual called “Sumai no Goran” was performed, where wrestlers demonstrated their skills before the emperor. In the Heian period (794-1185), sumo gained popularity among the nobility, as evidenced by its appearances in classic literature such as “The Tale of Genji” and “The Pillow Book.”
Sumo in the Medieval Era
During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), sumo flourished among the samurai class. Many prominent warriors, such as Minamoto no Yoritomo and Hojo Tokimune, are said to have encouraged the practice of sumo. In the Muromachi period (1336-1573), “Kusa-zumo” (field sumo) emerged, where matches were held in the precincts of temples and shrines in Kyoto and Nara as a form of religious offering.
The Rise of Professional Sumo in the Edo Period
Sumo evolved into a popular spectator sport during the Edo period (1603-1868). Tournaments were held throughout the country, and wrestlers gained celebrity status. In 1684, the first official rankings (banzuke) were created, listing wrestlers from east and west according to their skill levels. The year 1756 marked the emergence of the first yokozuna (grand champion), a wrestler named Tanikaze Kajinosuke, who is credited with performing the first yokozuna dohyo-iri (ring-entering ceremony).
In the late Edo period, wrestlers belonged to rival groups called “ichimon” (factions) based in the east and west. The most famous rivalry was between the Dewanoumi ichimon in the east and the Nishonoseki ichimon in the west.
Sumo in the Modern Era
As Japan entered the Meiji period (1868-1912), sumo underwent modernization. The term “ozumo” (grand sumo) was first used in 1884, and the Japan Sumo Association was established in 1909. The early 1900s also saw the emergence of the first foreign wrestlers.
After World War II, sumo regained its status as Japan’s national sport. In 1953, Yoshibayama became the first yokozuna of the post-war era. Taiho Koki, who debuted in 1956, went on to become one of the greatest yokozuna in history. In 1968, Takamiyama (Jesse Kuhaulua) from Hawaii became the first foreign-born wrestler to reach the rank of yokozuna.
Sumo in the Present Day
Today, six grand sumo tournaments are held annually across Japan. As a symbol of Japanese traditional culture, sumo attracts attention from both domestic and international audiences. In recent years, the sport has seen a surge in the success of foreign wrestlers, particularly those from Mongolia, such as Asashoryu and Hakuho, further cementing sumo’s status as an international sport.
Originating from Shinto rituals and mythical tales, sumo has evolved over centuries to become Japan’s beloved national sport. Deeply rooted in Japanese culture, sumo continues to captivate audiences worldwide, ensuring its place as a cherished icon of Japanese heritage.
