During the Edo period in Japan, communication across the country was made possible by a group of highly skilled and dedicated runners known as Hikyaku. These legendary couriers were renowned for their incredible speed and unique relay system. In this article, we’ll delve into the fascinating history of Hikyaku and explore the secrets behind their remarkable abilities.
What Were Hikyaku?
Hikyaku were professional runners who belonged to specialized courier companies during the Edo period. Their primary role was to deliver letters and parcels between cities, playing a crucial part in keeping communication channels open in Japan.
The Astonishing Speed of Hikyaku
Hikyaku were known to cover distances of over 100 kilometers (62 miles) per day. Historical records show that they could traverse the approximately 500-kilometer (310-mile) route from Edo (present-day Tokyo) to Kyoto in a mere five to six days—a feat that rivals the speed of modern-day marathon runners.
Factors Contributing to Hikyaku’s Speed
Several key factors enabled Hikyaku to achieve such impressive speeds:
- Lightweight attire: Hikyaku wore minimal clothing and carried only essential items to reduce weight and increase agility.
- Relay system: Rather than having a single runner cover the entire distance, Hikyaku employed a relay system, passing the baton at each post station.
- Specialized training: Hikyaku underwent rigorous daily training to maintain their exceptional running abilities.
The Rigorous Training of Hikyaku
To become a Hikyaku, one had to undergo a demanding training regimen that included:
- Long-distance running: Hikyaku built their endurance by running long distances daily.
- Mountain trail training: Running on challenging mountain trails helped develop leg strength and cardiovascular endurance.
- Weighted running: Hikyaku practiced running while carrying parcels to simulate real delivery conditions.
- Pace variation drills: Training included exercises that involved changing running speeds to prepare for various terrains and situations.
Through this specialized training, Hikyaku developed the stamina, strength, and adaptability needed to maintain high speeds over long distances.
The Hikyaku Relay System
The Hikyaku relay system was a key component of their efficiency. Post stations called “shukuba” were established along major routes, acting as relay points for the runners.
- Parcel handover: Incoming Hikyaku would pass their parcels to the next runner at each post station.
- Rest and refueling: At the post stations, Hikyaku took brief breaks to rest and eat, replenishing their energy for the next leg of the journey.
- Non-stop operation: The relay system allowed for continuous delivery, day and night, maintaining a consistent speed throughout the journey.
The Hikyaku were legendary runners who played a vital role in connecting people and cities during the Edo period in Japan. Their remarkable speed and unique relay system were made possible through a combination of specialized training, lightweight attire, and a well-organized network of post stations. By understanding the history and practices of Hikyaku, we gain insight into the dedication and ingenuity that shaped communication in pre-modern Japan.
